Application:
Improved electroactive species for symmetric non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
Advantages:
1) Allows for ligand modification, giving rise to improvements in cluster stability during cycling.
2) Metal-oxide core remains intact upon deep charge-discharge cycling, resulting in extremely high coulombic efficiences (~97%) with minimal overpotential losses (~0.3V).
3) Significant resistance to deleterious crossover, leading to improved battery lifetime and efficiency.
See DOI: 10.1039/c7sc05295b